Plug-in technology is developed by the major auto manufacturers, with working prototypes of both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) and plug-in electric vehicles possessing small backup gas generators. Improvement in battery storage capacity is of the most importance for the plug-ins. Lithium-ion batteries are smaller, have a higher output of energy but are more expensive than rechargeable nickel metal hydride (NiMh), still used in hybrid vehicles. Plug-ins requires larger batteries than normal hybrids, which drives up their cost. This allows the increased mileage and fuel savings. Plug-in Hybrid Cars offer the fuel-efficiency benefits of hybrid cars with the added feature of being able to plug-in to household electricity during rest. 120-volt socket to charge the batteries and potentially to provide power back to the electric grid when needed. To decrease the use of gasoline even further, some hybrids are being retrofitted to allow them to be plugged-into a standard i.e. Most major manufacturers have successfully introduced hybrid automobiles utilizing electric motors and an internal combustion engine to improve their gas mileage. It has been carried out a lot of researches on the alternative energy sources, like biofuels, fuel cells, wind farms, etc. The rising greenhouse gas emissions at a global level have caused the increasing interest in cleaner and less oil-dependent transportation sources. The proposed control strategy showed significant overall cost reduction compared to a thermostat control strategy and a conventional Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy (ECMS) strategy.
The proposed controller was validated with a fuel cell electric vehicle model in MATLAB/Simulink (MathWorks, Natick, USA). The controller is designed to consider the degradation cost and fuel cost in the framework of the equivalent consumption minimization strategy concept. The proposed controller distributes power generation between the fuel cell and the battery to simultaneously minimize system degradation and fuel usage. In this paper, an easily implantable near-optimal energy management controller is proposed.
In particular, in fuel cell electric vehicles, the energy management strategy should consider system degradation and fuel savings because the hardware cost of the fuel cell system is much higher than that of a conventional powertrain system. The design of an energy management strategy is critical to improving the fuel efficiency of a vehicle system with an alternative powertrain system, such as hybrid electric vehicles or fuel cell electric vehicles.
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